Role Of The Discipline In Developing A Child’s Self-Esteem

1. What job do you think discipline plays in building up a child’s confidence? What types of order best serve the confidence of the kid or immature? I think discipline assumes an immense job in building up a child’s confidence , it decides the manner in which kids work together with the general population and theirs motivation and impacts to what may befall the youngster relying upon the manner in which they were restrained as a minor, for example, knowing the distinction from rebuffing and mishandling a child.Punishing a kid also cruelly can scar them forever and have them grow up with low confidence and not giving those enough disciplines that they merit may transform the kid into a beast. The types of control that best serves the confidence of a kid may incorporate limit based order, and feeling instructing. 2. Rundown and talk about how exercises, clubs, or sports, sway the confidence of kids and guardians. Give in any event two exercises, clubs, or sports in your a nswer.Children that take an interest in sports, clubs, and so forth are bound to have a high confidence since confidence incompletely originates from achievements and achievement and when kids prevail in the games and clubs that they are committed in will give them that acceptable that they have been endeavoring and buckling down for. For example, b-ball players buckling down on various procedures on the most proficient method to dominate a match, that requires some investment, exertion, and determination.But after that huge success, the trophies, the groups going wild over what you’ve succeeded, it puts the youngster/competitor on top, making them excited over what they’ve simply cultivated prompting high confidence. Being associated with a discussion club additionally gives you that increase in energy realizing that whatever your reasoning is being heard and your insight is being imparted to the individuals who are available, in the wake of winning versus another per son gives you that high confidence, in light of the fact that you’ve simply cultivated an incredible self-accomplishment.

Looking At The Roles Of Media Media Essay

Taking a gander At The Roles Of Media Essay Media is portrayed today as the fourth mainstay of express, the more impressive is its media for its worldwide effect as obvious from BBC, CNN and magazines like Times and Newsweek. The Western media has gigantic effect in molding feelings, advancing western qualities and their entire way of life on the planet. Napoleon once stated, Four antagonistic papers are more to be dreaded than a thousand knifes. The media, with explicit reference to the aggregate element of papers, radio, TV and the Internet, assume a significant job in national turn of events. National advancement includes changes in a country planned for improving the political, monetary and public activities of the individuals. In National turn of events, the media especially contributes in regions of vote based system and great administration, political straightforwardness, international strategy and human rights. The genuine impact of the media in national advancement relies upon the media itself, the social orders where it works and the crowd it comes to. None of these variables are the equivalent all over the place, consistently, or under all conditions. The media in tyrannies, for instance, are not prone to practice a similar impact as those in equitable social orders. Indeed, even among comparable kinds of government, different elements, for example, innovation, the intended interest group and the message, may impac t the degree of media sway in the general public. As the Fourth Estate, it gives balanced governance on the exercises of the three arms of government; As plan setters, they impact the issues on open motivation; As guardians, they choose what data gets to people in general; As guard dog, they speak to the interests of the individuals against incredible interests; Also, with respect to multipliers, they add to the battle adequacy of military commandants. In military activities, on one hand the media is equipped for building general conclusion (for example Kargil); yet it can likewise sabotage open help by enthusiastic inclusion (for example Vietnam, Somalia). Data is power. Media can be utilized as a weapon against the adversary as a device of purposeful publicity, doing mental activities for impelling open contradiction against their legislature, partitioning the foe and countering foe promulgation. Whenever utilized judiciously, media is for sure a Force Multiplier as it manufactures general assessment. In the expressions of Abraham Lincoln: Popular feeling is everything. With it nothing can fall flat, without it nothing can succeed. In addition, the more extreme media inclusion is on national catastrophes, the more help materials and assets are made accessible by benefactors (for example India, Mozambique). In general wellbeing, media battles hugely contribute in the decrease of infections, for example, AIDS, SARS, uncleanliness and preventable youngsters illnesses (as showed in Uganda, Thailand, India, Nepal and Brazil). Media emphatically impacts the heading of international strategy (for example US approach on Bosnia and Somalia). In inward clash circumstances, the media goes about as an instrument of harmony adding to country building (for example post-Apartheid South Africa), however as powerful power, in wrong hands, it is likewise equipped for fuelling disruptiveness and brutality (for example Rwanda). How the media assumes its job involves basic significance. Where the media seek after the job even with polished methodology, truth, reasonableness and equity, at that point the general public gigantically benefits, however where the media become egotistical in compatibility of for the most part benefits and individual additions, at that point the general public is off guard. For the media to assume any important job in national turn of events, it must be free and autonomous. Free press is one of the inherent components in majority rules system, intended to contradict damaging and troublesome perspectives; the more the opportunity of media in the public eye, lesser the debasement. Furthermore, control of the media by a couple of people, companies or governments is hostile to the medias capacity to adequately complete their job. Thirdly, to prevail in their job, the media must be proficient. One-sided disposition, sentimentality, publicity and twists, adversely influence the commitment of the media in national turn of events. Opportunity of the media should in this manner oblige obligation. The recently unshackled Pakistani media does not have this awareness of other's expectations. Indeed, even the best of professional individuals government approaches are reprimanded and realities contorted for analysis. Pakistani press and electronic media are confronted with deficiency of expert revealing, insufficient assets, absence of analytical aptitudes and current innovation. National Media, then again, is utilized as a mouth piece by each sitting government. Indias go worldwide mantra with increasingly expert and material assets is having harming sway on Pakistan. The apparent danger can be countered by improving the exhibition of our own media with the goal that an equalization could be made in the brains of the watchers. Projection of truth is fundamental to pick up believability with the goal that the watcher doesn't want to look for it somewhere else. In addition, the media must take awareness of national security and the government assistance of the individuals. Responsibility for media ought to be spread to evade the imposing business model of a couple, influential people, enterprises or governments. Transmission of savage materials ought to be controlled to lessen negative effect on the general public. The impact of media on national security dynamic is noteworthy. There is no uncertainty of its impact and dependent on the data gave inside this record, there can be no uncertainty of its capacity and impact on national security dynamic. It has risen as a feasible component of intensity. Present day innovation has altered the broad communications particularly the electronic media. While the improved correspondence and transportation frameworks quickened the procedure of availability and check of the narratives for radio and press, the TV made media-men adequately ground-breaking to extensively impact the arrangement development, battle forms, issue advancements and so on. In underdeveloped nations the TV appreciates considerably more force than in the created nations. It has been persistently catching consideration and expanding the size of crowd. Maybe that is the reason it has become just about a standard in Third world nations to hold unlimited authority over this part of broad co mmunications. The local and worldwide effort of Pakistani media is insignificant and is wretchedly behind the media of our antagonistic neighbor, which keeps on completing its belittling Pakistan promulgation. The Pakistani media needs to confront the tested acted and accept it like open door by changing its arrangements and refreshing its material and HR to assume a proactive job to extend and advance Pakistan.

Read This, Then That Two Books About Superman

Read This, Then That Two Books About Superman I dont know about you, but my interest in Superman as a character has never been terribly great. It amounts to a bit of frustration when I encounter him in comics (and dodgy films), because its so bothersome to feel like people are doing so little with such a potentially interesting character. Beyond that, my interest in him is almost purely academic, because hes such an old character and predates so many superheroes. Now and then, though, I react to Superman works with tremendous enthusiasm, and I realized that two of them are very interesting next to each other. Youll see what I mean when we get into em. Kavalier Clay by Michael Chabon Michael Chabon is one of those authors I am deeply suspicious of. Hes a brilliant, award-winning writer with a tremendous range, hes good-looking, hes charming and well-spoken, he can write in multiple mediums and its just too much. I assume hes a robot, or hes assembled out of a lot of smaller authors, standing on each others shoulders inside a trenchcoat. No I dont watch too many cartoons, mother. At any rate, his novel Kavalier Clay is a prime example of his remarkable writing. It won the Pulitzer Prize, and it deserved the hell out of it. Its the story of Joe  Kavalier, a stoic young man with a difficult early life who comes to America in a strange way, in 1939. While here, he meets a young Sammy  Clay, and they become fast friends. Eventually, they also become working partners when they discover that Kavalier has a remarkable talent for drawing, and Clay is an excellent writer. Slowly, they enter into the world of comics, and soon find themselves creating one of the first superheroes, the Escapist. The book is a long, biographical look at their lives, the highs and lows, the ebb and flow of their friendship, the difficulties in the world around them as World War II happens. It also is a remarkable history of the early pulp fiction scene and the early superhero comic scene â€" and if the names have been changed to protect the innocent, a cursory knowledge of comic history will reveal to you who everyone is. In that regard, its a pleasure. I love fictionalized history, especially when its a period I know something about (and early pulp and comics is a fascinating world, and I love it much like I love animation history. Youll perhaps join me in this love after reading this novel). The superhero that Kavalier and Clay create is perhaps not explicitly him, but he is definitely Superman, and they are definitely Joe and Jerry, his creators. Its fascinating to look behind-the-scenes at the early days of an iconic character, not only dealing with editors and censorship (and Joe McCarthys communist witchhunt), but other interesting areas, like that period in World War II when superheroes themselves went to war, or sold war bonds and stamps, or just appear in propoganda. You dont finish the book with an accurate history of Superman, because its all been fictionalized, but you do have a functional history of the time period. And also all of your feelings stomped on a bit, because it is a gorgeous, powerful novel. Its Superman! by TomDe Haven This is another early-20th Century novel about Superman, but we take a different approach here. While Kavalier Clay is a behind-the-scenes look at the character, his creators, and the world in which his stories and his fame grew, Its Superman is instead a realistic and literary look at what the character and his world would be like, if he actually landed in Kansas during the Great Depression, was raised by farmers, and went out into the world as a person named Clark Kentwho happened to not be from this world, and who happened to have incredible powers. And eventually, what would happen when the lure of television and films appealed to him and he went out to Hollywoodland, itself in its early days. When I talk about how the book reads something like The Grapes of Wrath by John Steinbeck, I think I put people off, who are expecting a dense and classic work of literature that theyll perhaps be forced to read in schools and write an essay about. Really, that isnt what I mean at all. Its Superman is a serious literary sort of book, sure, but it always seems aware of the fun of its central character, and how alien he is in the world around himmetaphorically, in the way so many young people feel, and literally, in that he is a superpowered alien. So where we went behind the scenes in the last book, here we take the same time period and the same character, and put him squarely in front of the camera, so to speak. Between the two of them, you get a fascinating look at Superman in the early 20th century, which in my humble opinion is where he fits best. You get a rounded look at early 20th century culture â€" particularly pop culture, and the ways it influenced and was influenced in turn by the world events happening around it â€" and you get a rounded look at the notion of Superman, treated as a fiction and as a real person. Bonus Read: This remains one of my favorite PICTURES of Superman, incidentally The two books I mentioned up there are completely fine on their own, youll get the whole picture I wanted to offer youbut I wanted to suggest a comic for you as well, for further reading, and thats All-Star Superman by Grant Morrison and Frank Quitely. Volume one, at the very least. Even if you arent typically a Superman fan (and as I said, Im really not), I really urge you to check this one out. The Superman on display is very different to ones we typically see. Hes sweet and clever, compassionate, funny, and drawn less like a walking slab of barely hung-together muscles (I know he isnt always, but sometimes) and more like an actual person, wearing actual cloth. The stories are fun, and always beautiful. Its the first â€" and nearly the only â€" time Ive felt someone really understood the potential of Superman and exploited it to full effect. Theyre some of my favorite comics, and I revisit them repeatedly. Also, theres a single page encounter on top of a skyscraper between Superman and a young goth girl, and it broke my heart in the best way possible. Its worth reading for that. (And for the less heartbreaking moments, mind you). Sign up to The Stack to receive  Book Riot Comic's best posts, picked for you. Thank you for signing up! Keep an eye on your inbox.

Global Warming And Its Effects - 1782 Words

Global warming is a subject that elicits different opinions, even in the political sphere. During the 2016 presidential campaign, the Democratic candidates all declare that global warming is a national crisis and that some policies need to be implemented. On the other hand, the majority of the Republican candidates claims that global warming is all a hoax and that designing policies to combat global warming are a waste of money and energy. The different stances happening in the political sphere are also happening outside of the political sphere. Everyone in the world has different views on global warming, but very few of us did anything to lessen the impact of global warming in that the majority of us each drive our own fossil fuel-using vehicles instead of using public transportation, and the majority of us rarely reuses and recycle. Global warming occurs when carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases trap heat in Earth s atmosphere because some of the sun s rays cannot escape. It i s a worldwide phenomenon that impacts each and every one of us because it cause irregular climate patterns, increases the sea levels, and decreases human living standards. We can usually anticipate what the temperature will be the next couple days because there is a normal pattern to it, the temperature will be stable throughout the months until the season changes which will cause an increase or decrease temperature depending on which season is next. But recently we have not been able toShow MoreRelatedGlobal Warming And Its Effects985 Words   |  4 PagesEnvironmental Science Professor Mahoney 11/11/14 Global Warming Over the last few decades global warming has become one of the biggest environmental issues of all times. Every year, global warming gets worse and it’s affecting the way people live, it is affecting the atmosphere in general, and other living organisms in our planet. Global warming is the gradual and increasing rise of the overall temperature of the Earth caused by the greenhouse effect due to the increased levels of carbon dioxide andRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects Essay1040 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal warming is directly causing the rise in temperature of the Earth. The melting of the polar ice caps causes some of the most pressing issues including the endangerment of species indigenous to this region and the rise of ocean levels. Global Warming Global warming is the steady rise of temperature of the Earth’s surface. What exactly causes global warming? Numerous sources fuel global warming, such as deforestation, permafrost, and even sunspots. Obviously, many factors contribute to thisRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1331 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal Warming Global warming is the causation of the Glaciers melting, sea levels rising, cloud forests drying, and wildlife struggles today. Humans are making this possible because of their release of heat-trapping gasses known as greenhouse gasses by their modern devices. Global warming is the abnormal speedy increase in the Earth’s average surface temperature. It is believed that this is due to the greenhouse gasses that people release into the atmosphere by burning fossil fuels.The greenhouseRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects976 Words   |  4 PagesAs global warming, we understand that is the rise in the average temperature of Earth’s atmosphere and oceans. It has been an immense concerning all over the world for the past decades since the current cycle of global warming is changing the rhythms of climate that humans, animals and plants rely on. Scientists have studied the natural cycles and events that are known to influence the change in climate to discover what i s originating the current global warming. However, the amount and pattern ofRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1571 Words   |  7 PagesAs global issues today become increasingly controversial, many people are inclined to believe that Global Warming is an issue that can take a backseat to more significant issues that plague today’s society. The information presented throughout my research in regards to the rising sea levels and the melting of glaciers and ice shelves, highly indicates that it cannot. What many Americans fail to realize is that if sea levels continue to rise due to Global Warming, then more than half of LouisianaRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1544 Words   |  7 PagesGlobal warming is one of the vigorously discussed topic on Earth today. According to a TechMedia Network, â€Å"Global warming is the term used to describe a gradual increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s atmosphere and its oceans, a change that is believed to b e permanently changing the Earth’s climate.† (â€Å"Global Warming †¦ Effects†). We have been witnessing the change in Earth’s climate since past few years, and we are well aware of the consequences of climate change as well. Global warmingRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1432 Words   |  6 Pageshas an effect on climate change and contributes to global warming. Yet people tend to turn a blind eye to global warming and label it as a myth, whether they do not believe in it or it is not in their best financial interest to believe in it. Let us take a closer look at global warming and the effects it has on our people, homes and environments. Global Warming has become a rising problem in our world’s climate. It’s time we show the initiative to understand the concept of global warming and showRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects928 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal-Warming Mother Earth is burning as we speak; humanity has killed our precious Earth. Global-warming is a vicious killer that was created by the humans on this Earth, and there s no way to cure it. We, as humans, have the power to cleanse the Earth, but instead we destroy it. Heat is absorbed by carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. A greenhouse gas absorb thermal radiation emitted by the Earth s surface. As the sun s energy reaches the Earth’s surface some of it goes back out into spaceRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1416 Words   |  6 Pages Global Warming The earth is getting warmer, animals and their habitats are declining, human health is at risk and the cause of all this terror is Global Warming. Global warming will cause many parts of the world to change. In the next 50 years climate change could be the cause of more than a million terrestrial species becoming extinct. Sea levels will raise which means more flooding and is not good for the plants. With too much water the plants will die and herbivores will lose theirRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects1312 Words   |  6 PagesGlobal warming is presenting a lot of environmental and health problems to many countries. A lot of heat gets trapped on earth due to formation of a non-porous layer gases below the atmosphere. The worst effect is felt by developing countries, which are also geographically disadvantaged. The establishment of such countries is on low altitude areas. This position makes developing countries to be direct victims of floods from the melting snow at high altit ude areas. A lot of scientific research associates

Essay about Insanity is Independence - 1251 Words

Conformity, whether good or bad for society, is never beneficial for the individual. In the late 40’s and 50’s people conformed or they were excluded. One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest is a novel about non-conformists, the people who can’t be the same, and more who didn’t want to be identical. These are the insane ones. The sane ones are the authoritative figures who mentally, physically, and sexually abuse the patients, but they are also the people who decide what is right and healthy for the insane. Ken Kesey demonstrates that those in power become corrupted to argue that the fate of individuals in society should be determined by the persons themselves. Nurse Ratched is propelled by a desire to have complete control over the†¦show more content†¦The ward aides, unfavorably known as the black boys, abuse their jobs by controlling and harming the patients for their benefit only. They sexually exploit the patients under the pretense of à ¢â‚¬Å"cautionary cleansing,† with Nurse Ratched’s approval (270). With that guise, though, the black boys exploit the patients with phallic metaphorical â€Å"thermometers† (9). Because the residents of the ward are legally insane, any complaint directed to the Big Nurse is dismissed as the babble of instable minds and the aides know this. During the party, the man in charge, Turkle, a black aide uses his position to have all the fun he wishes despite the fact it is dangerous and unhealthy for the residents involved. He proclaims at the beginning of the party he wants â€Å"more’n a bottle;† he wants the prostitute. His only objective is to gain from the party not the well-being of the patients or his occupation. The aides take advantage of Chief Bromden as well. As a Chronic, he has very little personality at all. The black boys take every advantage of this situation by commanding him to mop the floors by â€Å"motioning to the spot† and derisively belittling him for their pleasure with the nickname â€Å"Chief Broom,† a name that implies as much human qualities as a stick that sweeps (3). Chief Bromden holds no power within the story, but through narration, he manipulates our perceptions to gather support for his ownShow MoreRelatedInsanity And Its Effects On The Human Mind877 Words   |  4 PagesInsanity, a word that can have multiple meanings produces a different character in the human mind. The willing action to accomplish something no matter how challenging it can get, a person must be highly insane to face the challenges dealt in life. Whether committing a felony or becoming senseless to what others might encounter; insanity is treated with defiance to progress self-actualization. It takes great courage for an insane independent to overcome future battles. With a person knowing whatRead MoreYellow Wallpaper1673 Words   |  7 Pageswho suppresses her emotional and creative inclinations and compel s her to focus on the objects that surround her. This apathy shoves her deeper into insanity. John confines her in a room that has no getaway with bars on the windows and fixed bed, which is â€Å"nailed down.† Her developing insanity is a form of rebellion and a way to gain her own independence from marriage as well. Her fight to set the woman in the wallpaper free denotes her battle for freedom. This paragraph is extremely important to theRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman840 Words   |  4 PagesIndividuality + Independence = Insanity The Yellow Wallpaper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman captivates the audience into the psyche of a young mother and wife through journal entries. The wife has been confined to her room for a cure to her depression. As the women remains in the room, she becomes obsessed with the yellow wallpaper that borders the room. She experiences hallucinations that come because of the wallpaper. Gilman’s story shows the struggle of women’s independence and individualityRead MoreHamlet and the Yellow Wallpaper1002 Words   |  5 PagesThe Nature of Insanity in â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† and â€Å"Hamlet† There are many different events in a person’s life that could lead them to insanity. In Charlotte Perkins Gilman’s â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† you are dealing with a woman who is a victim of male over-protectiveness and isolation that eventually leads to her insanity. In William Shakespeare’s â€Å"Hamlet† you are dealing with a man who has to deal with his father’s death and rejection from the love of his life that eventually leads himRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper By Charlotte Perkins Gilman1206 Words   |  5 Pagesintellectually weaker than men. They shouldn’t take the role of motherhood and only focus on the domestic work around the house. She wanted to change the traditional norm and encourage women’s independence. She does this by using symbols to educate everyone about gender equality. By proving the independence of women will only benefit society as a whole. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† is used as one of the largest symbols. The main symbol is the narrator being oppressed by her husband. John made efforts toRead More Freedom for Women in The Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gillman and The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin1202 Words   |  5 PagesThe Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin are two feminist works in which liberation is the overlying theme. Both of the main characters achieve freedom from their husbands oppression in these short stories; however, freedom is only achieved through insanity in The Yellow Wallpaper and death in The Story of an Hour. The women in these stories are viewed as very powerful, as they do whatever it takes to free themselves from the oppressive holds of their husbands. Their strength proves these twoRead MoreWilliam Faulkner s `` A Rose For Emily ``953 Words   |  4 PagesWhile authors like Edgar Allen Poe and Stephen King are known for their creepy writings, William Faulkner has achieved a l evel of disturbing that is hardly reached in short stories. A Rose for Emily is a story that shows how the insanity of one woman is able to shock an entire town, even in death. When first reading A Rose for Emily, anyone can see how twisted Emily Grierson is. Not only for the fact that she was sleeping in the same bed as a corpse, but because this was not the first time that sheRead MoreCritique of Woman as Storyteller in Wide Sargasso Sea758 Words   |  4 Pagesultimately in her unraveling. The road to insanity was much more insidious for Antoinette than it had been for Annette. There were tragic, life-altering events that obviously impacted Annettes mental condition; the death of her husband, isolation from Creole society, and ultimately Pierres diagnosis. For Antoinette, her mother and childhood, cultural background, psychological invasion, disorientation, and entrapment all played a pivotal role in Antoinettes insanity. Response Roper provides anRead MoreThe Yellow Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman903 Words   |  4 PagesIn â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper,† a woman, the narrator, is isolated to the point of insanity by her husband, John. The very isolation that he thinks will cure her is actually causing her to delve deeper into her insanity. In A Doll House, Torvald isolates Nora from her identity. Torvald treats and adorns Nora like a doll instead of an individual. Nora relies so much on Torvald that his selfish reaction to her forgery kindles a passion in her. The speaker in The Raven isolates himself in his grief thatRead MoreComparing the Yellow Wallpaper Story of an Hour1255 Words   |  6 Pagesand Unchained† How much would you sacrifice to have the ability to make your own decisions? What would you do to be truly free; from debt, poverty, sadness, addiction, or from anything that causes you misery, pain or unhappiness? Would you risk insanity or even your life? Both â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper† by Charlotte Perkins Gilman and â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin are two short stories that can today be categorized as feminist works of fiction. The main characters are females who are struggling

The Airline Industry Free Essays

One of the major industries affected by the September 11 attacks had been the airline industry. Aside from security improvements were put in place as a response to the hijacking of four commercial aircraft, the industry as a whole lost a total of $42 billion from 2001 to 2005. The president of the Air Transport Association has called the current situation of the airline industry as a â€Å"perfect storm of adversity†. We will write a custom essay sample on The Airline Industry or any similar topic only for you Order Now Two of the largest commercial carriers are currently under bankruptcy protection and two others have gone in and out of bankruptcy court in the years after 9/11. These losses could be attributed to lower passenger traffic in the wake of the terrorist attacks. The price for jet fuel has also been rising since 2001 which adds to the costs incurred by the carriers.   Jet fuel price in 2006 was up 168% from pre-2001 levels (Isidore, 2006). While the US air industry is slowing down, there has been an increase in global air passenger numbers. Most of these increases are coming from developing economies in Asia and Europe. Airlines in Asia grew at a rate of 20% annually while airlines in the middle east grew 11%. Similarly, air routes linking the US with Asia and Europe are also expected to see an increase in passengers (Shriner, 1994). Demand and Supply Elasticity While these changes could be directly attributed to the 2001 attacks and their repercussions, some changes in the airline industry has emanated from the industry itself. The older legacy airlines had to face numerous new entries in the form of low cost, low frills carriers. These new low cost carriers have kept the price of airlines travel low over the past few years. Passengers now had more choices and as a result, total air traffic had been increasing while average fares have not kept pace. Legacy airlines with larger operational costs could not compete with the lower fares. As a result, they had to streamline their operations by cutting excess manpower and retiring older, less fuel efficient aircraft in their fleets. The fleets of the legacy carriers have shrunk by 23% since 2001 and their workforce has dropped 38% during the same amount of time (Isidore, 2006). The proliferation of low cost carriers since 2001 has essentially increased the price elasticity of demand for air travel. While all airlines serve the same purpose – air travel – each airline can still be differentiated from one another. Low cost carriers may not offer the same kind of quality service found in legacy carriers. In effect, when passengers book a flight, they are choosing between goods from airline A, airline B etc. Since passengers have more choices due to the introduction of low cost carriers, their substitution between airlines has become easier. This relatively high elasticity is reflected in the increasing passenger counts at a relatively constant fare (price) schedule. Externalities of the Airline Industry Airlines, whether legacy or low cost are now keen on improving their fuel efficiency due to the rising costs of jet fuel. Fuel costs account for 10-12% of annual airline operating costs. One way that airlines are trying to improve fuel efficiency is by retiring older aircraft with poor fuel efficiency (May, 2003). One industry that is intrinsically linked with the airline industry is the aircraft manufacturing industry. The US is a world leader in aircraft manufacturing with US aircraft manufacturers delivering 71% of new aircraft in the early years of the 1990s. Even with the boom in airline travel in the developing world, US airlines still account for roughly 25% of aircraft orders from US aircraft manufacturers like Boeing and McDonnell Douglas   (Shriner, 1994). Clearly, an increase in income by the airline industry will translate to more orders of aircraft. In that case, the airline industry exerts positive externalities on the aircraft manufacturing industry. The positive externalities do not end with increased production by US jet manufacturers. As airlines keep pushing for more fuel efficient and modern aircraft, they are providing an incentive for technology development in the aircraft sector. The increasing prices for jet fuel are even pushing this new technology development even further in the direction of making air travel more fuel efficient. An example of such technology development is in the new Boeing 787 Dreamliner aircraft which is due to enter service next year. Being made out of composite materials, it is much lighter and thus uses up 20% less fuel than similarly sized jets. An offshoot of using composite materials is a more comfortable flight experience as the cabin air does not need to be so dry (humidity causes metal to corrode) and the air pressure can be made much higher in order to make breathing easier. The use of metal precluded using higher cabin pressure as it may accelerate metal fatigue (The Economist, 2007). It is important to note that this externality does not end at Boeing. Advances that Boeing are making are sometimes tied to and sometimes preceded by fundamental RD performed at universities (Shriner, 1994). We can therefore see how the airline industry promotes RD and helps maintain the dominance of the US in aircraft technology. Even though new aircraft like the Dreamliner might reduce fuel consumption, it still does not change the fact that the airline industry has a huge externality in the form of pollution. Aviation is responsible for 2% of anthropogenic carbon dioxide production. Aircraft also release other noxious gases such as nitrogen oxides, soot and water vapor. However, the polluting effects of airlines are magnified since these gases are released directly into the upper atmosphere where they form condensation trails and cirrus clouds. The fact that air pollution from aircraft is released at a high altitude may have the effect of double the same amount of carbon dioxide released at ground level (The Economist, 2007). How to cite The Airline Industry, Essays

The Main Debates of the International Relations Theoretical Community

This essay has two main parts that features the work of three leading scholars within the field of International Relations theory, Goldman, Bay and Sylvester respectively. These three, are analysed in relation to the views they forward either in book chapters, or in articles published in academic journals. Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Main Debates of the International Relations Theoretical Community specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In this first part however, a discussion about what each of these thinkers believes are the shortcomings of the several competing theories that today feature within the broad field International Relations, essentially here, what each thinks stand as the major flaws they see in these contending theories. Part two of this essay, examines one of the other main debates that these thinkers enter into, and which continue to cause concerns for the broader International Relations theor etical community. This features the issue of determining what approach or approaches, best suits the study of International Relations, in the sense that what is predicted theoretically, can be verified through providing explanations for past real world examples and for predicting future events between nation-states on the world-stage. Several basic assumptions are intrinsic to the study of International Relations, and despite these three thinkers preferring different theoretical perspectives to each other, and lay stress on differing aspects of these, they share in the ideas associated with the ‘nation-state’ as the main actor, or unit of analysis under investigation, that ‘anarchy’ prevails as the natural order existing between these nation-states in their relations with one another as each has sovereignty over itself and no other, and finally, each lays a claim on the ‘nature’ or humankind, which, depending on which view is taken, explains ei ther the natural predilection for war and conquest or otherwise, the reasoning behind why such energy is put into efforts to try and eradicate, or at least, lessen as far as possible, the likelihood of future wars occurring (Sylvester 1994, 69). Goldman here proves interesting. In her chapter entitled ‘Anarchism: what it really stands for’ (Goldman 1972, 49), which provides the reader with a defence of the political meaning of the term ‘anarchy’, she makes a point that other International Relations theorists, who might similar to her, be called, ‘Idealists’, would readily agree, that Realism, but more specifically, the Neo-Realist School, the leading ideological argument today, cannot hope to prove successful in its ultimate aim, to lessen the likelihood of war, because of the shortcomings built into how it looks and explains the ‘real world’. For realists and the system into which international relations is locked into. Limited t o making decisions set by the prevailing systematic conditions, means that state behaviour is predictable, and self-perpetuating, and it is this that ensures no change in behaviour can occur. What is required, says Goldman, is a thorough rethink, an overhaul of these existing conditions, so that the opportunity for renewal and what is called elsewhere, a world of emergent ‘natural communities’ to develop as models for future international relations. Indeed, much scepticism is directed towards the likelihood of successfully combatting war if the historical and present-day tactics are kept to, as presented in the views of the other two theorists discussed here. As Sylvester charts, the 1930s, provided excellent evidence for this. Advertising Looking for essay on international relations? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Though the fall might be traced to much earlier to the almost immediate collapse of the League of N ations, set up in 1919, the 1930s witnessed the capitulation of western powers in the rise of Fascism and in the face of subsequent belligerence by these ‘Fascist’ states. Sylvester, for whom, the Feminist debate, offers the most viable and advanced step forward of all the new ‘postmodern’ or non-traditional theories. Here, it is the potential for Feminist theory to rise above the question of ‘sovereignty’, and allowing, instead, for ideas to become less concerned with keeping a perspective or perspectives of ‘rigidity’, and looking towards greater ‘subjectivity’ and by extension of this acquiring greater potential for ‘empathy’ to develop between states. As these theorists show, there is a strong case to be made for attempting to go beyond the traditional models that dominate discussion of International Relations theory today, but while the alternative theories offered here serve to effectively critique these models, they do after all, seem to provide the better explanations for so much of what has happened in the past, in the ‘real world’. Reference List Goldman, Emma. 1972. Red Emma Speaks. ed. Alix Kates Shulman. New York: Random House. Sylvester, Christine. 1994. Feminist Theory and International Relations in a Postmodern Era. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press This essay on The Main Debates of the International Relations Theoretical Community was written and submitted by user Lilia Randall to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.